Impact of Diversified Chemical and Biostimulator Protection on Yield, Health Status, Mycotoxin Level, and Economic Profitability in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivation

Biostimulators with chemical protection are a challenge in sustainable agriculture to obtain high yield, healthy, and pesticide-free wheat. The aim of this four-year spring wheat field experiment was assess the effectivity using herbicide, mixed fungicides protection, humic biostimulator. following treatments were tested: biostimulator (S), sulfosulfuron (H), H + S, propiconazole cyproconazole/spiroxamin tebuconazole triadimenol (H F1 F2), F2 S. Evaluations yield fungal diseases (Septoria tritici blotch, eyespot, sharp Fusarium spp.) performed visual qPCR methods. Thirteen mycotoxins analyzed by LC–MS/MS. Infestations six weeds examined visually. Temperatures precipitation data vegetative seasons monitored. Precipitation most affected occurrence leaf despite same chemical/biostimulator (up 48% Septoria blotch severity for S treatment). highest mean obtained (5.27 t ha−1), while lowest level (221.68 µg kg−1). For greater reduction determined compared treatment (27.18%), as well higher eyespot (18%) (24%). In 2017–2020, effective weed infestation spp. DNA on ears indicated (16 g 0.88 pg g−1 DNA, respectively). greatest saved production value (196.15€)